The past few years have seen a substantial development in the Cryptocurrencies sphere. An increase in technological and political advances has shifted Crypto into the mainstream. With this fast developing market, the law and regulators have been sluggish to figure out how best to deal with legislation, and how to keep cryptocurrency investors in a safe position.
A case study: AA v Persons Unknown
The landmark decision of AA v Persons Unknown [2019] EWHC 3556 (Comm), has recently shed some much needed light on the regulation of Crypto Assets.
A Canadian insurance company became the victim of a cyber-attack in the landmark case of AA v Persons Unknown. The hacker infiltrated the company’s firewall, deployed malware, and encrypted its computer systems. A ransom note demanded 109.25 Bitcoins in exchange for decryption software to restore the systems.
The ransom was paid into an account designated by the hacker. Fortunately, the company had insurance coverage for certain types of cyber-attacks. After the payment, the insurer began investigating the Bitcoin transaction and brought in a specialist firm to track cryptocurrency payments. This firm was able to trace the path of the transferred Bitcoins.
In order to recover the lost Bitcoins from the hacker, a proprietary injunction was sought.
The most important question which arose in relation to this proprietary injunction was whether or not the Bitcoins are property at all and can subsequently be the object of a proprietary injunction. As stated by the High Court, English law traditionally views property as being only of two kinds, either as things in possession or things in action.
Therefore, there is a difficulty in treating crypto currencies and Bitcoins as a form of property as they are neither things in possession nor are they things in action. They are not things in possession because they are virtual, intangible and they cannot be possessed. In addition to this, they are not things in action as they do not embody any right capable of being enforced by action. The High Court however, refused to accept that English law recognizes no forms of property other than things in possession and things in action.
The High Court further concluded an in-depth discussion into whether English law recognizes other forms of property by looking into the recent legal statement on Crypto assets and Smart contracts published by the UK Jurisdictional Task Force (“UKJT”). In this legal statement it was decided that “the fact that a crypto asset might not be a thing in action on the narrower definition of that term does not in itself mean that it cannot be treated as property”. Taking this into consideration, the High Court decided that crypto assets such as Bitcoin are property.
In coming to this conclusion, the judge referred to Lord Wilberforce’s definition of property in National Provincial Bank v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175. This definition stated that the four criteria for an object to be defined as property included being ‘definable, identifiable by third parties, capable in their nature of assumption by third parties and having some degree of permanence’. The High Court came to the conclusion that crypto assets such as Bitcoin do actually meet this definition of property.
In confirming that crypto assets such as Bitcoin are considered property, it was stated that they could be capable of being the subject of a proprietary injunction. The High Court therefore granted the injunction sought against the hackers.
This decision was subsequently a welcomed clarification in defining crypto assets as property. Further, this decision provides increased assurance that English Courts are favorable to the idea that “established, tradeable cryptocurrencies can be treated as property”. We will await further clarity from the English Courts in determining whether cryptocurrency is recognized as property not just in the circumstances where a proprietary injunction is involved.
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